Ceramics are essential to a sustainable society, offering durability and versatility. The ceramics industry faces challenges in reducing its environmental impact, particularly due to high-temperature processes.

Cement is central to a sustainable society but faces significant challenges regarding CO2 emissions. The high energy consumption of calcination and the emissions from the chemical reaction need to be addressed.

Steel is crucial for a sustainable society as it offers durability for a range of infrastructure, including buildings, transport and energy-related infrastructure such as wind turbines. However, it is one of the most carbon-intensive industries. In many factories, carbon is still used as a fuel source in the steelmaking process.

Fertilizers are vital to a sustainable society; responsible for feeding on average half of the world’s population through improved crop yields. However, the use of ammonia for their production, made from fossil hydrogen, needs to be addressed.

The pulp and paper industry is essential to a sustainable society, offering versatility and recyclability. The industry faces challenges in reducing its environmental impact, particularly due to its high CO2 emissions in its manufacturing processes.

Textiles are crucial for a sustainable society, offering versatility and adaptability. However, the industry faces challenges in reducing its environmental impact, particularly due to its high demand for water steam, which requires considerable energy to produce.